{"id":1050,"date":"2023-03-14T17:55:13","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T16:55:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/?page_id=1050"},"modified":"2024-03-06T15:38:56","modified_gmt":"2024-03-06T14:38:56","slug":"air-quality-and-precipitation-measurement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/air-quality-and-precipitation-measurement\/","title":{"rendered":"Air quality and precipitation measurement"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1050\" class=\"elementor elementor-1050\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b6fdfd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b6fdfd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-308c692\" data-id=\"308c692\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1e77b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1e77b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.9.2 - 21-12-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>The results of long-term measurements show that almost all pollutants measured have a decreasing evolution trend. This decline is generally a result of restructuring the national economy, the modernization of pollutant producing facilities (especially in the sector of industry), and termination or limitation of some production operations. The most significant decrease of emissions in the Czech Republic can be noted in the 1990\u20132001 period. Further gradual decrease of emissions in 2002\u20132012 can be attributed to the new legislation implementing a range of European directives. In addition to legal measures, a decline in a number of manufacturing sectors due to the economic crisis was reflected in the decrease of emissions. The emission reduction trend continues in the 2013\u20132016 period, and other technical measures are in place to reduce emissions in the industry. The Act on protection of the air has also focused on reducing emissions from local heating of households by limiting the production of selected combustion sources between 2014 and 2018 (CHMI, 2022). More detailed information on emissions development are included in publication Air Pollution of Czech Republic in 2022 in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chmi.cz\/files\/portal\/docs\/uoco\/isko\/grafroc\/19groc\/gr19cz\/02_znecistovani_ovzdusi_v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chapter II<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92b6592 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92b6592\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a1b105\" data-id=\"1a1b105\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10d650d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"10d650d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.9.2 - 21-12-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"377\" src=\"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise1-1024x377.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2346\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise1-1024x377.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise1-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise1-768x283.jpg 768w, https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise1.jpg 1417w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">V\u00fdvoj celkov\u00fdch emis\u00ed hlavn\u00edch zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek, 1990\u20132021 (\u010cHM\u00da 2022).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-57bc13d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"57bc13d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dcaa768\" data-id=\"dcaa768\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e22f83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5e22f83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise2-1024x376.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2347\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise2-1024x376.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise2-300x110.jpg 300w, https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise2-768x282.jpg 768w, https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/emise2.jpg 1427w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">V\u00fdvoj celkov\u00fdch emis\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stic, 1990\u20132021 (\u010cHM\u00da 2022).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c541281 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c541281\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85d3d3b\" data-id=\"85d3d3b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67a7ca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67a7ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Both the local pollution and the long-range transport of polluting substances across borders affect the monitored pollution. The Ko\u0161etice observatory as a background station in Central Europe is more or less at the average in view of the level of measured pollution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-00d6612 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"00d6612\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8da889d\" data-id=\"8da889d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d33b3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d33b3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The concentrations of more or less all monitored air pollutants at our station have been decreasing for a long time and are below the national average in recent years and below the station&#8217;s long-term average.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6992ad1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6992ad1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a197ef6\" data-id=\"a197ef6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f610328 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f610328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>On the contrary, concentrations of ground-level ozone tend to rise, mainly due to higher temperatures, which have an effect on its formation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e7dcc09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e7dcc09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ad4127\" data-id=\"2ad4127\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac7f416 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac7f416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The basic characteristics of pollutants (amounts, health and environmental impacts) are given in the publication Air Pollution in the Czech Republic in 2022 in Table I.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8699d57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8699d57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f7f0cfb\" data-id=\"f7f0cfb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-103c235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"103c235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.9.2 - 21-12-2022 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CO concentration<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2378a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2378a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d5487f\" data-id=\"0d5487f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-186c8c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"186c8c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>CO concentrations in our locality and throughout the country are most affected by the burning of solid fuels for household heating. In the attached graph, we can see the sharp decline that occurred after 2011, when the legislation was also amended. Since the measured concentrations have the greatest influence on the local heating plant, it depends on the amount of solid fuels consumed in a given year.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f2c9801 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f2c9801\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5055f57\" data-id=\"5055f57\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5f8a7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5f8a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The lowest average annual concentrations at our station were measured in 2019 and reached the value of 217.8 \u03bcg\u00b7m\u20133, on the contrary, the highest value was recorded in 1998 353,5 \u03bcg\u00b7m<sup>\u20133<\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9c1d0d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9c1d0d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-794c26a\" data-id=\"794c26a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fa5ab2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5fa5ab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">NO<sub>2 <\/sub>concentration<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4acb873 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4acb873\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16703a0\" data-id=\"16703a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-149ee17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"149ee17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentrations decrease very slightly, the average annual concentrations fluctuate within the range from 6 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 to 12.1 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3. In 2017, the annual concentration was 6.9 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3. In 2016, the average concentration of NO<sub>2<\/sub> in the Czech Republic was 18 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3. In industrial areas in the west of Germany and northern Italy, annual NO<sub>2<\/sub> concentrations exceeding 30 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 are measured at many stations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fda870 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fda870\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-01a72b3\" data-id=\"01a72b3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d89509 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d89509\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In Czech Republic, NO<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>concentrations are most influenced by transport, agricultural production and local heating plants, and the values are identical to other rural-type stations. Throughout the country, the highest concentrations are measured in places that are burdened by traffic (cities, highways) and heavy indust<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15863be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15863be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8008cf3\" data-id=\"8008cf3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aab20c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0aab20c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0The lowest average annual concentration of 2.96 \u03bcg\u00b7m\u20133 at our station was measured in 2023, while the highest value was recorded in 1996, 12,1 \u03bcg\u00b7m<sup>\u20133<\/sup>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88ff8ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88ff8ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5a6808\" data-id=\"c5a6808\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-587479c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"587479c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the European context, the situation is similar to that in the Czech Republic. Areas of large agglomerations, industrial areas and main traffic arteries are the most polluted.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6714892 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6714892\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76de8a9\" data-id=\"76de8a9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f77eff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f77eff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ground ozon (O<sub>3<\/sub>) <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0197ee5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0197ee5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-132365c\" data-id=\"132365c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3326a69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3326a69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">concentrations are at a stable level throughout the measurement period. The highest concentrations were measured in years that were exceptionally above average in terms of temperature and strongly below average in terms of precipitation.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94bd837 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94bd837\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8033244\" data-id=\"8033244\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9652d81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9652d81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The results of the annual averages show that the values from our station are significantly higher than the national average. However, such high values are characteristic for this type of rural stations. On the contrary, lower concentration values are recorded at urban stations, where, due to traffic emissions, chemical reactions other than the formation of ground-level ozone are favored.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d1e60c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d1e60c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-926ad6b\" data-id=\"926ad6b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5779bef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5779bef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The lowest average annual concentrations at our station were measured in 2014 and reached the value of 57.0 \u03bcg\u00b7m\u20133, on the contrary, the highest value was recorded in 2003\u00a072,6 \u03bcg\u00b7m<sup>\u20133<\/sup>. Year 2023 with the value of 66,4 \u03bcg\u00b7m<sup>\u20133 <\/sup>can be desribed as\u00a0 average.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b6083f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b6083f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06d887b\" data-id=\"06d887b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a13e9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a13e9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComparing the values Within Europe, the concentrations of O<sub>3<\/sub> (regarding the mechanism of its formation) increase from low values in Northern Europe to the highest concentrations, especially in the states around the Mediterranean Sea. In that matter, the Czech Republic is among the average to above average polluted areas.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c79dff7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c79dff7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df7c240\" data-id=\"df7c240\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-257fe3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"257fe3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Particles PM<sub>10<\/sub> and PM<sub>2,5<\/sub><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-04a50c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"04a50c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7cf8d2b\" data-id=\"7cf8d2b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e96b7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e96b7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Concentrations of PM10 aerosol particles decreased from 29.4 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 (in 1996) to 16.4 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 (in 2017). In spite of the long-term decreasing trend, concentrations in the monitored period increased after 2001. This increase was the result of unfavourable meteorological conditions and it was reflected in the measurements of all stations in the Czech Republic. Average concentrations of PM10 in the Czech Republic were 25 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 in 2016, concentrations at rural stations slightly exceeded 20 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3.\u00a0<\/p><p>The highest average annual concentrations for PM10 were recorded in 2005 at 28.3 \u03bcg\u00b7m\u20133 and for PM2.5 in 2013 at 15.3 \u03bcg\u00b7m\u20133. On the contrary, the lowest values were recorded for both measurements in 2023. For PM10, the average annual concentration was 11.1 \u03bcg\u00b7m\u20133 and for PM2.5 a value of 8.1 \u03bcg\u00b7m\u20133 was recorded.<\/p><p>Compared to Europe, the most polluted areas are Central Europe (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland) and Northern Italy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3faaac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3faaac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-251b14f\" data-id=\"251b14f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa709dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa709dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Concentration of SO<sub>2 <\/sub><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6686242 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6686242\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1914430\" data-id=\"1914430\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-345619d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"345619d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>SO<sub>2<\/sub> concentrations decreased from an average annual value of 14.5 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 in 1985 to 2.2 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 in 2017. However, the highest annual concentrations of 27.8 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 was registered in 1991. The average SO<sub>2<\/sub> concentrations in the Czech Republic were less than 6 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 in 2016, the concentration at rural stations slightly exceeded 4 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3. In 2023 there was a slight increase in the measured concentrations. A value of 1,4 \u03bcg\u00b7m-3 was recorded.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ddaa5dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ddaa5dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-537dff7\" data-id=\"537dff7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c4f50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11c4f50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: Varela; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400;\">The situation with<\/span>\u00a0SO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0concentrations in the context of Europe is not significantly different from the Czech Republic, and the situation with the development of concentrations of this substance is managed to be regulated thanks to legislation. The problem with higher concentrations remains only in the eastern part of Europe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0f8f7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0f8f7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b72e39\" data-id=\"1b72e39\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce08488 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce08488\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Source: Internal documentation of CHMI, 2022. Air Pollution in Czech Republic in 2021, Prague, ISBN 978-80-7653-060-7.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The results of long-term measurements show that almost all pollutants measured have a decreasing evolution trend. This decline is generally a result of restructuring the national economy, the modernization of pollutant producing facilities (especially in the sector of industry), and termination or limitation of some production operations. The most significant decrease of emissions in the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1050","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1050"}],"version-history":[{"count":91,"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1050\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2416,"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1050\/revisions\/2416"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/actris.cz\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}